AppliedMultiple choice
Building one-minute bars · Part 2 of 3
You hold a pandas Series trades of trade prices indexed by exchange timestamp, and build one-minute bars with bars = trades.resample("1min").last(), keeping pandas defaults. A strategy uses the bars to make a decision at each minute.
At 09:31:00 the strategy reads bars["09:31"] as the latest traded price. What is wrong?
- ANothing, because the bar carries the label 09:31
- BIt uses a price up to a minute in the future; label bars by their end or shift them by one
- CIt is survivorship bias, since only instruments that traded in that minute have a bar at all
- DIt should use
.first(), which is known at 09:31
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