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141 lessons · 1342 questions · 4 study paths

Everything the quant interview
asks, taught and drilled.

Probability, mental arithmetic, market making, derivatives, statistics and systems — written as a textbook, drilled in the formats the firms actually use, and checked line by line against the arithmetic.

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Figure · Butterfly payoffDerivatives and options
90100110010Underlying at expiryPayoff
C(K1)−2C(K2)+C(K3)  ≥  0C(K_1) - 2C(K_2) + C(K_3) \;\ge\; 0C(K1​)−2C(K2​)+C(K3​)≥0

The three legs are drawn faintly and their sum in full. It is zero outside the wings, worth $10\$10$10 at the middle strike, and never below zero anywhere — which is the entire reason being paid to put it on would be an arbitrage rather than a view.

Figure · Bayes’ theoremTrading and market making
1,000 peopleHas the condition0.1%Tests positive100%1 personDoes not have it99.9%Tests positive5%50 peopleTests negative95%949 people
Pr⁡(A∣B)=Pr⁡(A∩B)Pr⁡(B)\Pr(A \mid B) = \frac{\Pr(A \cap B)}{\Pr(B)}Pr(A∣B)=Pr(B)Pr(A∩B)​

Both highlighted paths end in a positive test. The test is doing its job on each branch; what decides the answer is how many people started down each one.

Figure · Value at riskQuantitative research
-3-2-1012399% VaRStandardised return
ESα=E[loss∣loss>VaRα]\mathrm{ES}_\alpha = \mathbb{E}\big[\text{loss} \mid \text{loss} > \mathrm{VaR}_\alpha\big]ESα​=E[loss∣loss>VaRα​]

Value at risk is the edge of the shaded region: the loss you beat 999999 days in 100100100. It says nothing whatever about the shape inside it. Expected shortfall is the average of that region — 2.672.672.67 sigma for a normal — and it is the number that changes when the tail gets fatter.

Figure · Newton’s methodQuantitative development
03600.250.5BisectionNewtonIterationError
xn+1=xn−f(xn)f′(xn)x_{n+1} = x_n - \frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}xn+1​=xn​−f′(xn​)f(xn​)​

Newton squares the error each step, so the number of correct digits doubles: five iterations take you from one digit to sixteen. Bisection halves it, gaining a third of a digit a step — reliable, never fast, and the right fallback when the derivative misbehaves.

Figure · Linearity of expectationTrading and market making
Nobody36.8%Exactly one36.8%Two18.4%Three6.1%Four or more1.9%
E ⁣[∑i=1nXi]=∑i=1nE[Xi]\mathbb{E}\!\left[\sum_{i=1}^{n} X_i\right] = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \mathbb{E}[X_i]E[i=1∑n​Xi​]=i=1∑n​E[Xi​]

The exact distribution for a hundred people. The count itself is random — more than a third of the time nobody gets their own hat — but it averages exactly one, and linearity delivers that average without ever computing these probabilities. They are e−1/k!e^{-1}/k!e−1/k! to four decimal places for any nnn above about ten.

Figure · Cook’s distanceQuantitative research
02468100246810Without pointWith pointObservation 44Factor exposureResponse
Di=ei2(k+1)s2⋅hii(1−hii)2D_i = \frac{e_i^2}{(k+1)s^2}\cdot\frac{h_{ii}}{(1-h_{ii})^2}Di​=(k+1)s2ei2​​⋅(1−hii​)2hii​​

The highlighted observation sits far from the others in both factor exposure and response. Including it pulls the fitted slope from about 0.500.500.50 to 0.750.750.75. Cook’s distance detects this combination of leverage and residual size; the honest report shows the fit with and without the point.

Read the lesson: Butterfly payoff
written lessons
141
questions, all worked
1342
worked examples
677
typed figures
119
formula cards
30

The curriculum

Four paths, twenty-four topics, nothing hand-waved

Pick the seat you are interviewing for. Each path is a complete sequence, from the arithmetic gate through to the material the final round actually turns on.

Browse every lesson

Trading and market making

34 lessons · 373 questions

Speed, probability and judgement under uncertainty: the path to a quoting seat at a market maker.

  • Mental maths and numerical fluency2 lessons
  • Counting and combinatorics4 lessons
  • Probability9 lessons
  • Games, decision theory and puzzles7 lessons
  • Market making6 lessons
  • Markets and products6 lessons

Derivatives and options

26 lessons · 318 questions

From payoff diagrams to the volatility surface: what an options market maker has to know before they can quote.

  • Time value, rates and linear products4 lessons
  • Options: fundamentals and arbitrage5 lessons
  • Option pricing models5 lessons
  • The Greeks and hedging4 lessons
  • Volatility4 lessons
  • Exotics and structured products4 lessons

Quantitative research

56 lessons · 436 questions

Statistics, econometrics and signal research: finding an edge in data and proving it is not noise.

  • Statistics and inference8 lessons
  • Regression and econometrics8 lessons
  • Time series7 lessons
  • Linear algebra7 lessons
  • Stochastic calculus5 lessons
  • Machine learning7 lessons
  • Alpha and signal research8 lessons
  • Research case studies6 lessons

Quantitative development

25 lessons · 215 questions

Algorithms, numerical methods and the systems knowledge that separates a quant developer from a general software engineer.

  • Data structures and algorithms7 lessons
  • Python and data for quants6 lessons
  • Numerical methods6 lessons
  • Systems and low latency6 lessons

Inside a lesson

See how the answer takes shape

Follow an idea through the equations, figures and worked examples that make it useful. This unedited excerpt from the Greeks chapter scrolls on its own; take control whenever you like.

Derivatives and options / The Greeks and hedgingLesson 1 of 4

Delta, gamma, vega and theta

Proposition 1.2

Three readings of delta

Delta is the hedge ratio — how many shares to hold against the option. It is the sensitivity — how much the option moves for a one-point move in the underlying. And it is roughly the risk-neutral probability of finishing in the money, which is N(d2)N(d_2)N(d2​) exactly and N(d1)N(d_1)N(d1​) near enough for an at-the-money option.

Holds when

  • The probability reading is an approximation, and it is N(d2)N(d_2)N(d2​) that is the true risk-neutral probability, not delta.
  • An at-the-money call has delta slightly above 0.50.50.5, because the forward sits above the spot.

Equation 1.5

The P&L equation

A second-order Taylor expansion of the option price. Every day on an options desk is an argument about which of these four terms explained the day.

dΠ≈Δ dS+12Γ (dS)2+Θ dt+ν dσ\mathrm{d}\Pi \approx \Delta\,\mathrm{d}S + \tfrac{1}{2}\Gamma\,(\mathrm{d}S)^2 + \Theta\,\mathrm{d}t + \nu\,\mathrm{d}\sigmadΠ≈ΔdS+21​Γ(dS)2+Θdt+νdσ
Δ dS\Delta\,\mathrm{d}SΔdS
Directional exposure — removed by delta hedging.
12Γ(dS)2\tfrac{1}{2}\Gamma (\mathrm{d}S)^221​Γ(dS)2
Always positive when long gamma, whichever way the move goes.
Θ dt\Theta\,\mathrm{d}tΘdt
The rent you pay for that convexity.
ν dσ\nu\,\mathrm{d}\sigmaνdσ
What you make if the market reprices volatility.

Proposition 1.6

The gamma–theta trade-off

Gamma is paid for with theta. Long an option, you profit from movement in either direction but lose a little every day nothing happens; short an option, you collect that decay and are exposed to a large move. There is no position that is long gamma and long theta, and a candidate who proposes one has not understood the equation.

Holds when

  • The break-even daily move is roughly 2Θ/Γ\sqrt{2\Theta / \Gamma}2Θ/Γ​ — below it, decay wins.
  • This is why "long gamma" and "short premium" are opposite descriptions of a desk’s posture.

Example 1.7

A day on a hedged position

You are long 100 at-the-money calls, delta-hedged. Gamma is 0.040.040.04 per contract, theta is −$8-\$8−$8 per contract per day, and each contract covers 100 shares. The stock moves $2\$2$2 and implied volatility is unchanged. Roughly what is the day’s P&L?

Show the worked solutionHide the worked solution

Worked solution

  1. Formula
    dΠ≈12Γ(dS)2×contracts×multiplier+Θ×contracts\mathrm{d}\Pi \approx \tfrac{1}{2}\Gamma(\mathrm{d}S)^2 \times \text{contracts} \times \text{multiplier} + \Theta \times \text{contracts}dΠ≈21​Γ(dS)2×contracts×multiplier+Θ×contracts
  2. Substitute
    =12(0.04)(22)(100)(100)−8(100)= \tfrac{1}{2}(0.04)(2^2)(100)(100) - 8(100)=21​(0.04)(22)(100)(100)−8(100)
  3. Solve
    gamma P&L=0.5×0.04×4×10,000=800\text{gamma P\&L} = 0.5 \times 0.04 \times 4 \times 10{,}000 = 800gamma P&L=0.5×0.04×4×10,000=800
  4. theta=−800\text{theta} = -800theta=−800
  5. Answer
    about flat\text{about flat}about flat

Sanity check. A two-dollar move is exactly the break-even here. A larger move and the convexity pays; a quieter day and the decay wins.

QuestionAnswer
Which has more vega, a one-month or a one-year at-the-money option?The one-year — vega grows roughly with T\sqrt{T}T​.
Where is gamma largest?At the money, and it grows without bound as expiry approaches.
You are long a straddle. What do you want?Movement, in either direction, and quickly — you are long gamma and short theta.
Delta of a deep in-the-money call?Close to one, with almost no gamma or vega left.
You are short gamma into an earnings announcement. What do you do?Reduce, or buy convexity back. A single large move is exactly what you are exposed to.
Table 1.8 · Questions that come up verbatim.
01Numbered environments
Definitions, propositions, equations, examples and figures each get a number and their own space, so you can find, cite and revisit any step.
02Equations in their own frame
Typeset with KaTeX at build time — no layout shift, no client JavaScript, readable offline — and separated from the prose that argues for them.
03Worked examples, not answers
Formula, substitution, the arithmetic line by line, the answer, and a sanity check. Every figure in every one of them is recomputed in the test suite.
04Figures as typed data
Diagrams are declared as payoffs, densities and trees rather than drawn, so a picture cannot disagree with the sentence beside it.

How you practise

Practise in the format you will face

Each mode gives feedback on the decisions that matter in that format, from arithmetic speed to risk and sizing.

  1. Mental arithmetic, against a clock

    16 generators · five levels each

    Free

    Generated, never repeated: every item is derived from a seed, so a run is reproducible and the bank cannot be memorised. Pace, median time and the technique behind every miss come back at the end.

    Speed drill07:42 left
    Question 424 × 17 = ?
    408
    Two-digit multiplication · level 23 solved
  2. Screening tests, scored like the real ones

    80 in 8 · number sequences · beat the odds

    Free

    The timed online assessments trading firms use to decide who gets an interview. The same items and clock for everyone, marked on the server, and ranked against every other player.

    Number sequences05:12 left
    What comes next?4, 7, 13, 25, 49, …
    97
    14 right · 1 wrongTop 12% of players
  3. A question bank that marks the working

    1342 questions

    Free sample

    Numeric answers are parsed, not matched — 23/6, 2^-1, C(52,5) and √2/2 all read correctly — and a wrong answer that matches a known mistake is told which mistake it was.

    Worked questionProbability · numeric

    Re-roll a fair die once. Fair price?

    Your answer4.25

    Correct. Re-roll 1–3.

  4. Catch the arbitrage in a price tree

    One free tree · five-minute Premium runs

    First free sample

    Inspect option quotes on a binomial tree, catch the prices that break replication, and name the locking trade.

    Example price treeCall · strike 100
    NowStock 100Call 8.00
    ↗S 120 · C 20
    ↘S 90 · C 0
    Flag the quoteCheapRich
  5. A market simulator that trades back

    4 scenarios

    First free sample

    Quote two-sided, get filled by counterparties who are sometimes informed, carry the inventory and requote. Width, skew and discipline are graded against a reference maker run on the same seed.

    Example quoteTwelve rolls of two dice · fair 84
    Bid · you buy82
    Ask · you sell86
    Customer buys 2 @ 86Position −2
  6. Read a live order book

    Five-level books · five-minute runs

    Free sample

    The spread and the microprice, what a market order really pays as it walks the book, where you sit in the queue, which way the book leans, and when two venues cross.

    Bid bookQuestion 7
    50.041,200
    50.02600
    50.01300
    80049.98
    1,50049.97
    Buy 1,000 at market: average?50.02
  7. Horse racing with two bookmakers

    Eight races · £1,000 bankroll

    Premium

    Use the form guide and two sets of odds to find edges and Dutch books. Sizing is graded against a disciplined bettor.

    Example race cardBankroll £1,000
    RunnerFormBook ABook BFat Tail40%2.302.35Vol Smile30%3.103.20Bid Ask20%4.504.70
  8. Timed papers built to a blueprint

    7 papers

    Premium

    Topic weights and a difficulty mix are declared rather than left to whatever the bank happens to hold. Feedback is withheld until you submit and the clock runs against the start time.

    Trader first round21:42 left
    Question 4 of 12Flag for later
    12 questions · 30 minutesFeedback after submission

Everything you get wrong returns on a spaced interval in the review queue, alongside the answers you were confident about and still missed.

Timed runs post to the leaderboard, and your best scores collect on a profile you can make public and share.

Why you can trust it

The content is tested like code

A textbook with a wrong number in it teaches the wrong number. Every figure in every worked example is recomputed in a test, and the build fails if the content and the arithmetic disagree.

content/derivatives/derivatives-numbers.test.tsexcerpt
it('separates a GBM mean from its median', () => {
  const S0 = 100;
  expect(S0 * Math.exp(0.08)).toBeCloseTo(108.33, 2);

  // Variance drag: the median lags the mean.
  const median = (v) => S0 * Math.exp(0.08 - v ** 2 / 2);
  expect(median(0.25)).toBeCloseTo(105.0, 2);
  expect(median(0.45)).toBeLessThan(S0);
});

npm run content:check

4 tracks · 24 topics · 141 lessons · 1342 questions

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Arithmetic
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Mathematics
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Consistency
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Generators
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